Citation Style
Bluebook and Turabian
This is also messy and may be subject to change. For now, follow the guidelines below.
Bluebook for legal and code references. Turabian, for everything else.
Note: Utah Foundation Reports should be cited as books.
Further Details
General Format
Footnotes/endnotes should be presented for editing in 10-point Times New Roman.
Always use full citations. If there is a series of citations all citing the same source, continue to use full citations. The final layout process will reduce necesary citations to ibids. Essentially, ignore second reference citations unless you are working on the final layout.
Format for Specific Types of Sources
Books (Including Utah Foundation Reports)**
First reference:
Jones, Jerry, Bill Howard, and Nancy Morris, Brigham Young: Portrait of a Visionary (New York: State History Press, 1999), p. 222. (If more than three authors, write the first author’s name followed by “et al.”)
Second reference:
Jones, et al., pp. 224-230.
Essay Collections (Edited Books)
First reference:
Jackson, Ricky, “Sacking the Local Economy,” in Jones, Stephen, and Buddy Smith, eds., Sports Incentives: A Survey (New York: State Press, 1999), p. 222.
Second reference:
Jackson, p. 224.
Articles
First reference:
Clampett, Jed, “Tax Increment Financing and Stadium Construction in the Appalachian Region,” Government Finance Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 12-18.
Second reference:
Clampett, p. 20.
Newspaper articles
First reference:
Smith, James, “Columnist learns ABCs of fair and accurate reporting,” The Salt Lake Tribune, December 4, 2014.
Second reference:
Smith, “Columnist learns ABCs. …”
Reports
First reference:
City of Millcreek, New City, New Hall: An Internal Report on Tax Increment Financing for a New City Hall, March 2017, p. 12.
Second reference:
City of Millcreek, New City, New Hall, p. 22.
Budgets, Financial Statements and Bond Official Statements
First reference:
State of Utah, 2012 Adopted Operating Budget, p. 201.
State of Utah, Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the year ended June 30, 2011, p. 56.
Official Statement, State of Utah, Highway Refunding Bonds, Series 2019, July 7, 2019, p. 35.
Second reference:
State of Utah, 2012 Adopted Operating Budget, p. 350.
State of Utah, CAFR 2011, p. 66.
Official Statement, Series 2019 Highway Bonds, p. 65.
Commissioned Reports
First reference:
Barrett Sports Group, LLC, Utah Stadium District: Analysis of Current Financial Obligations, prepared for the Utah Stadium District, May 18, 2014, pp. 18-22. (If this were a presentation to the district, write “presented to” rather than “prepared for.”)
Second reference:
Barrett Sports Group, p. 12.
Interviews
First reference:
Interview with Timothy Smith, former county manager, Utah County, April 3, 2015. (only if it was an in-person interview)
Telephone interview with Timothy Smith, former county manager, Utah County, April 3, 2015.
Second reference:
Interview with Smith.
Correspondence
First reference (include correspondents’ titles, if applicable):
Oswald, Lee Harvey, letter to George H.W. Bush, January 21, 1961.
Second reference:
Oswald letter.
Websites
(Applies to Web-only content / Web pages, rather than reports, etc., downloaded from Internet.)
First reference:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, “What Is Economic Development,” 2014, www.eda.gov/Research/EconDev.xml.
Second reference:
U.S. EDA, www.eda.gov/Research/EconDev.xml.
Legal References
For legal citations, we generally follow Bluebook style, with a couple of exceptions for readability: (i) abbreviate section as “Sec.” rather than the symbol “§”; and (ii) abbreviate article as “Art.”
Also, the most recent date of publication of the law, code, regulation, etc., is assumed. If citing an earlier version, include the (year) in parentheses following the citation, e.g., 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 (2010). Always include the year or date of specific legislative acts.
U.S. Constitution, Code and Regulation:
U.S. Constitution:
U.S. Const. Art. III, Sec. 2, Cl. 2.
U.S. Const. Amend. XIII, Sec. 2.
U.S. Code, Acts of Congress and Bills:
15 U.S.C. Sec. 1414.
I.R.C. Sec. 61 (use if referencing the Internal Revenue Code, which is Title 26 of the U.S.C.)
Department of Transportation Act, Pub. L. No. 89-670, Sec. 9 (1966).
Protection from Personal Intrusion Act, H.R. 2448, 105th Cong. Sec. 2(a) (1997).
U.S. Code of Federal Regulations:
7 C.F.R. Sec. 319.76.
State Constitution, Statutes and Local Laws:
State Constitution:
Utah Const. Art. VII, Sec. 21(B)(3).
State Statutes, Acts of the Legislature and Bills:
Utah R.S. Sec. 33:9027.
Tex. Tax Code, Sec. 11(d).
Utah Acts 1940, Reg. Sess., No. 13 Sec. 1.
Utah Acts 2016, 1st Ex. Sess., No. 20.
Utah H.B. 56, 1st Ex. Sess. of 2016.
State Codes:
Utah Admin. Code, 31:I.105.A.1.a.i.
Utah Civ. Code, Art. 9.
Attorney General Opinion:
Utah Atty. Gen. Op. No. 2011-0156.
Cases
As a basic first reference format for cases published in a reporter, here is a model based on the Bluebook:
Court
Plaintiff*
Versus
Defendant*
Reporter Volume
Reporter Abbrev.
First Page of Case
Specific page referred to
Court and Date of decision
E.g.: U.S. Supreme Court
Brown
v.
Helvering
291
U.S.
193,
203
(1934)(no court because clear from reporter abbreviation)
* Use only the party’s last name or an abbreviated version of the party’s name.
For pending and unreported cases:
Plaintiff v. Defendant, Case No., (Court & Year)
Here are some examples:
U.S. Supreme Court:
Reported: Brown v. Helvering, 291 U.S. 193, 203 (1934).
Unreported: Brown v. Helvering, Case #/reference (U.S. 1934).
U.S. Court of Appeals:
… (5th Cir. 1999).
U.S. District Court:
… (E.D. Utah 1999)
Utah Supreme Court:
State v. Smith, 793 So. 2d 1199, 1208 (Utah 2011).
Utah Court of Appeals (specify which circuit):
… (UtahApp. 4 Cir, 1995)
Utah District Court:
Unreported: Hester v. New Salt Lake City Council, No. 2019-8061 (Civ. Dist. Ct., Salt Lake County 2019).
Second references in the footnotes to a court case should read:
District of Columbia v. Heller, supra, at 2817. [“at 2817” is the page number]
Law Reviews
Grand, John, Tax Increment Financing: Utah Goes Fishing for New Business, 66 Utah L.Rev. 851, 854-55 (2016).
Legal Agreements
In general, state the type of agreement, the parties involved and the date executed. It is not necessary to use italics:
Cooperative Endeavor Agreement by and between the State of Utah and Microsoft, Inc., July 15, 2018.
Other
Records of the Utah Constitutional Convention of 1973: Convention Transcripts, Vol. IX, p. 2897.
Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed.), p. 345.